THE CERTAMEN QUESTIONS DATABASE http://www.speakeasy.org/~bwduncan/index.html THESE QUESTIONS COURTESY OF: GAIUS STERN EVENT: CAL CERTAMEN IV "THE VERCELLAE CERTAMEN" LOCATION: BERKELEY, CA LEVEL: II DIFFICULTY RATING: *** DATE: DECEMBER 5, 1999 # OF QUESTIONS: 75 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Welcome to the Vercellae Certamen, commemorating how Rome was saved by a great victory at Vercellae. What great general and consul of 101 BC won this victory? Gaius MARIUS see n1. B1. Marius won much of the credit for this victory. Over what people did he and Lutatius Catulus win the battle of Vercellae? GERMANS (specifically the Cimbri) B2. The previous year, Marius had won another great victory at Aquae Sextae over what German tribe whose name lends a derivative to an archiac English synonym for "German"? TEUTONES (Teutonic) 2. Translate the verb from the following sentence: "The Romans were taken prisoner by Maharbal." CAPIEBANTUR (accept synonyms) B1. What grammatical construction should Maharbal be? ABLATIVE OF AGENT B2. Now make the verb active to say "Maharbal was taking the Romans prisoner." CAPIEBAT 3. What modern verb meaning "make larger than it is" is derived from the Latin words for "from" and "mound" or "heap"? EXAGGERATE B1. What modern verb meaning "remove totally" is derived directly from the Latin words for "from" and "threshold"? ELIMINATE B2. What modern legal term meaning "also known as" is derived directly from a Latin word for "at another time"? ALIAS 4. Had his men not let the proverbial cat out of the bag, what famous hero would have made it home from Troy in the first year of his wanderings? ODYSSEUS (ULYSSES, ULIXES) B1. What all important meteorological phenomena were in the bag that Odysseus' men opened? the WINDS B2. What minor god gave Odysseus the winds in a bag in order to ensure a safe voyage -- but in vain? AEOLUS 5. When the Romans forced the enemy to surrender, what humiliating custom did they often inflict whereby each enemy soldier had to stoop under a low limbo pole? SUBJUGATION (WALK/SEND UNDER A YOKE) B1. The Romans took it especially ill when what enemy nation made a Roman army walk under the yoke at Caudine Forks in 321 BC? SAMNITES B2. What Numidian king made the Roman army of Albinus walk under the yoke- and lived to regret it when Marius captured in in 106 BC? JUGURTHA 6. Change the tense of the verb "fuit" from perfect to imperfect. ERAT B1. Now make "erat" pluperfect. FUERAT B2. Now that we have exhausted the past tense, make "fuerat" future perfect and plural. FUERINT 7. The Battle of Zama marked the conclusion of what dreadful war fought from 218 o 202 BC? SECOND PUNIC WAR B1. The Second Punic War is also known by what other name from the Carthaginian general who started it? HANNIBALIC WAR B2. What agnomen was given to Public Cornelius Scipio for winning the Battle of Zama? AFRICANUS 8. From what Latin word and and meaning is our work luminous derived? LUMEN,-INIS meaning LIGHT (LAMP, EYE) B1. From what Latin verb and meaning is "obnoxious" derived? NOCEO,-ERE,-UI,-ITUM(NOXUM) meaning TO DO HARM (INFLICT INJURY) B2. from what Latin verb and meaning is our adjective "perfect" derived? PERFICIO,-ERE,-I,-TUM meaning TO FINISH (COMPLETE) 9. What Roman magistrate had the duty of keeping the streets clean, entertaining the public, and hosting annual games? AEDILE B1. If a politician skipped the aedileship, what next office in the cursus honorum did he seek? PRAETORSHIP B2. When this future emperor failed in his duty to keep the streets clean, Caligula had his toda loaded with mud. Thirty years later, this was seen as a portent when what man became emperor in December AD 69 and cleaned up Rome? T. Flavius VESPASIAN 10. Thinking he could outwit an oracular prophecy, what mythological figure avoided his adopted father King Polybus or Corinth and journeyed to Thebes, where he unwittingly fulfilled the prophecy by killing his birth father? OEDIPUS B1. What other half of the prophecy did Oedipus fulfill once he had slain his fahter? HE MARRIED HIS MOTHER (Jocasta) B1. How many children did Oedipus and Jocasta have before the whole truth was known? FOUR (Eteocles, Polyneices, Ismene, Antigone) 11. In English we cannot say "Beautifuler" but in Latin we can. What word is Latin has this meaning? PULCHRIOR (or PULCHRIUS) B1. Make "pulchrior" neuter. PULCHRIUS B2. Make "pulchrior" superlative. PULCHERRIMUS (OR -A) 12. Tanaquil, an Etruscan women who was later queen, encouraged what husband of hers to move to Rome because there was no opportunity for him in their hometown? L. TARQUINIUS PRISCUS (TARQUIN I) B1. After Tarquin I died, Tanaquil had a hand in the succession. Whom did she tap to take the throne of Rome? SERVIUS TULLIUS B2. In effect, Tanaquil and Servius usurped the throne. Who later got even by murdering Servius, but long after Tanaquil's death? L. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS (TARQUIN II, TARQUIN THE PROUD) 13. Most of our information about the Second Punic War comes from what Augustan Age historian who devoted ten books to the Hannabalic War? Titus LIVIUS or LIVY B1. Livy, in turn, used two major souces, one of whom was a Greek historian who wrote extensively on Rome's conquest of the Mediterranean. Who was this Greek historian and friend of Scipio Aemilianus? POLYBIUS B2. Livy's other major source was a Roman held captive by Hannibal for most of the war. Who was the POW and relative of Q. Fabius Maximus? Q. Fabius PICTOR 14. What is the vowel sign of the 4th declension? U B1. What neuter 4th declension noun means "horn" or "army wing"? CORNU,-US B2. Translate "cornu" in the following sentence: Drusus sent reinforcements to the right wing to prevent defeat. (AD) CORNU 15. What Titan once tried to trick Heracles into shouldering his load for eternity when Heracles asked for his help in retrieving the Golden apples of the Hesperides? ATLAS B1. What maternal ancestor of Heracles also had a misdealing with Atlas? Some claim that he turned Atlas into a mountain. PERSEUS B2. What other Titan, a close relative of Atlas, did Heracles set free from Mount Caucasus? PROMETHEUS 16. Answer these questions about a popular Roman soap opera, As the Empire Burns. Q. Sulpicius wants to marry the patrician beauty Claudia. If they use the most formal wedding ceremony, what type of wedding will they have? CONFARREATE (CONFARREATIO) B1. Unfortunately, her father Appius Claudius disapproves and has thusly nominated Claudia for what elite body of six priestesses who must serve a thirty year term? VESTAL VIRGINS (VESTALES) B2. Of course, sixteen year-old Claudia is ineligible to become a Vestal Virgin. Name one of the six possible arguments Suplicius could present in an attempt to foil Appius' plot to separate the lovers. CLAUDIA IS TOO OLD (OLDER THAN 10) see n2. CLAUDIA IS NOT A VIRGIN CLAUDIA'S MOTHER IS NO LONGER ALIVE CLAUDIA HAS A SPEECH OR HEARING DEFECT OR OTHER BODILY IMPERFECTION CLAUDIA'S FATHER (APPIUS) OR MOTHER HELD A "LOWLY" OCCUPATION APPIUS DOES NOT HAVE A RESIDENCE IN ITALY (VERY UNLIKELY) 17. What art form, composed of "tesserae" and glue or still-wet cement did the Romans perfect? MOSAICS B1. What is a "tessera"? a square PIECE OF STONE, WOOD, GLASS, etc. see n3. a square TABLET (for military use) a DIE for playing (marked on six sides) a TOKEN (as in "tessera hospitalis") B2. Who is depicted in the most famous mosaic found in Pompeii which shows the Battle of Issus? ALEXANDER the Great (accept Darius) 18. What city did Cineas claim was a city of kings due to their proud conduct, though the government was not a monarchy? ROME B1. Cineas made this remark to his boss, a Hellenistic monarch who invaded Italy with a phalanx and elephants. Who was he? PYRRHUS B2. Pyrrhus then resumed the war with Rome and made what famous remark after the hard fought Battle of Asculum? ANOTHER SUCH VICTORY AND I AM UNDONE 19. What bestseller detective novel set in San Francisco might have been titled Melitus Falco, had it been released in ancient Rome? The MALTESE FALCON B1. What slang term for detectives might have been written "calceus tenax"? GUMSHOE B2. In order to solve their cases, Roman detectives followed the legal principle "cui bonum." What does this mean? GOOD FOR WHOM (WHO STANDS TO BENEFIT or equivalent) 20. Out of jealousy the north wind Boreas ensured that what other god would accidentally kill a friend during a game of quoits, or discus throwing, by blowing the discus into the friend's head? APOLLO B1. Apollo's unfortunate friend was turned into a flower posthumously. What was his name? HYACINTHUS B2. His demise, death by discus, also affected what king of Argos, who feared that his own grandson would kill him, which he did? ACRISIUS 21. After the Aeneid ends, he founded a city whose name is two words. As a boy, he went by two names. Give either name for this beloved grandson of Venus. ASCANIUS or IULUS B1. What city did Ascanius found? ALBA LONGA B2. In Aeneid II, what son of Venus and thus uncle of Iulus impersonates him to make Dido fall in love with Aeneas? CUPID 22. This verb does NOT mean "I do not know." What is the correct meaning of the Latin verb "ignosco"? TO FORGIVE (PARDON, EXCUSE, OVERLOOK) B1. Ignosco governs what case, rather than accusative? DATIVE B2. What Latin verb means "I do not know"? NESCIO (OR IGNORO) 23. Although himself from a wealthy but unimportant family, Marius made a brilliant marriage to what patrician lady whose family connections brough the consulship within his reach? JULIA B1. What was the relationship between Julia and Julius Caesar? she was his AUNT B2. When Julius Caesar was only 14, Marius gave him a political appointment. What was this non-elective job? FLAMEN DIALIS (accept FLAMEN or PRIEST) 24. What is the meaning of the Latin idiom "tergum versare"? TO TURN ONE'S BACK (TO FLEE) B1. What is the meaning of the idiom "opem ferre"? TO BRING AID B2. What is the meaning of the idiom "pedem referre"? TO RETREAT (TO YIELD GROUND) 25. During Achilles' long sulk, an embassy tried to pursuade him to return to battle. What usually persuasive speaker utterly failed to budge him? ODYSSEUS (ULYSSES) B1. What foster father of Achilles spoke second with little effect, but was invited to stay the night in Achilles' tent? PHOENIX B2. What cousin of Achilles spoke last and most effectively by ignoring Achilles and telling Odysseus, "we are wasting our time on a man who wishes to hurt his own friends. Let's go."? AIAS (TELAMONIAN AJAX, AJAX THE GREATER) 26. What important road built in 312 BC was lined by tombs of the rich including that of Caecilia Metella, which is still standing? VIA APPIA (APPIAN WAY) B1. Why were the dead buried along the Appian Way rather than at their homes in the city? IT WAS ILLEGAL TO BURY PEOPLE IN ROME B2. Tombs did not line the whole distance of the Via Appia. What city was the endpoint of the Via Appia by Cicero's lifetime? BRUNDISIUM 27. What word in Latin introduces a positive purpose clause? UT B1. What word introduces a negative purpose clause? NE B2. Say in Latin, "He comes to see a king." VENIT UT REGEM VIDEAT 28. At the Battle of Cynoscephalae (Ky no SKEFF a lie) the Romans utterly defeated what Macedonian king who shared a named with the father of Alexander the Great? PHILIP (the fifth) B1. Titus Quinctius Flaminius won that victory because his legions were more flexible than the rigid Macedonian phalanx and because he had what ancient version of the tank? ELEPHANTS B2. After ending the war, Flaminius proclaimed the freedom of the Greeks at the Isthmian Games. At what strategically located city were the games held? CORINTH 29. What is the meaning of the English word "bifarious," which derives from the Latin adverb "bifariam"? TWOFOLD, IN TWO WAYS, IN TWO ROWS B1. Latin "bifariam" is a constraction of several words. Name the adverb, verb and noun in their full form that are combined in "bifariam." BIS, TWICE; FERO, TO BEAR; VIA, ROAD (WAY) B2. A biscupid is a type of tooth. Since you already know "bis," what is the other Latin word and its meaning that is the origin of -cuspid? CUSPIS,-IDIS meaning SPEAR POINT 30. What mythological woman spent several years weaving a funeral shroud for her father-in-law which she unravelled every night in order to prolong the project? PENELOPE B1. Why did Penelope wish to prolong this project? SHE HAD AGREED TO CHOOSE A NEW HUSBAND WHEN SHE FINISHED B2. How was Penelope's trickery discovered by the suitors? A MAID REVEALED THE SECRET 31. Since this is the final question (of Round II), tell me what Latin noun and its meaning is the root for our word final. FINIS,-IS meaning BOUNDARY (LIMIT, BORDER) B1. What is the meaning and the Latin root for our word "ultimatum"? FINAL STATEMENT OF TERMS made by one party to another; see n4. ULTIMATUS,-A,-UM B2. What island, perhaps identified as Iceland, did Romans name in the Latin version of "Go to Hell!" as the furthest point from Rome? THULE 32. Each Cyclops had a single eye, but what three very old sisters only had a single eye among them? the GRAIAE B1. What hero stole their eye in order to learn how to get to the Garden of the Hesperides? PERSEUS B2. The Graiae possessed only one of what other body part, which the rest of us have in greater quantity? TOOTH 33. Before Julius Caesar, this man had made himself dictator of Rome in 81 BC and used that office to reorganize Rome's constitution. Who was this patrician statesman? L. Cornelius SULLA B1. What was the name for the political faction to which "the best men" such as Sulla belonged? the OPTIMATES B2. How did the young Julius Caesar run afoul of Sulla? CAESAR REFUSED TO DIVORCE HIS WIFE Cornelia 34. -UM and -A are on rare occasion replaced by -N or -A, especially with names to demonstrate what case? ACCUSATIVE B1. What is the name for this accusative, for the language from which the case endings are borrowed? GREEK ACCUSATIVE B2. Using a Greek accusative, give the accusative of Paris. PARIDA (for Paridem) 35. Constantine was one of the first to depict himself wearing a diadem on coinage. He was associating himself with the kings of what Greek realm who had worn the diadem? MACEDON or HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS B1. Emperors in the mid-third century often were depicted on coinage wearing corona radiata. This spiky crown evoked what celestial object? SUN B2. What sort of crown did Augustus wear on his coinage? NONE (or LAUREL-WREATH) see n5. 36. When Latin makes a comparison without the word quam, what case is used for the word which in English follows "than"? ABLATIVE B1. Translate the adjective and ablative of comparison in the sentence "Tiberius Gracchus was more noble than the senators." NOBILIOR SENATORIBUS B2. Translate the same part of the sentence using QUAM. NOBILIOR QUAM SENATORES 37. What English word associated with grandfather clocks comes unchanged from the Latin adjective meaning "hanging"? PENDULUM B1. What word meaning "an empty place" comes from the Latin adjective that means "hollow"? CAVITY B2. What verb meaning "to thwart" comes from a Latin adverb meanging "in vain"? FRUSTRATE 38. The biggest encyclopedia in the ancient world was compiled by what author and politician who perished during the rescue operations at Vesuvius? C. PLINIUS SECUNDUS (PLINY THE ELDER) B1. Pliny's last days are known to us from a letter written by whom? C. PLINIUS Jocundus (PLINY THE YOUNGER) B2. Pliny the Elder also wrote a lost history of the Roman wars in what lost province which was never truly regained? GERMANY (De Bellis Germanicis ?) 39. According to Roman mythology, what benevolent household god was a son of Mercury? LAR (LARS, LARES) B1. What other household gods who have no Greek counterpart do the Romans clain Aeneas brought from Troy? PENATES B2. Another non-Greek minor god was the Roman version of the guardian angel that each person had. What was it called? GENIUS see n6. 40. What man did Octavian depose from the Second Triumvirate, although he declined to remove that man's priesthood? M. Aemilianus LEPIDUS B1. What priesthood did Lepidus hold? PONTIFEX MAXIMUS B2. What area of the Empire did Lepidus retain after the Spains were taken away from him by Octavian before their final break? AFRICA 41. Which principle part of a verb is used to form the future active participle and the perfect passive participle? FOURTH or SUPINE B1. Say in Latin "about to die." MORITURUS B2. Now say in Latin "having been killed." INTERFECTUS,-A,-UM (caesus, emptus & compounds, efflictus, jugulatus, letatus, necatus & compounds, occisus, trucidatus, etc.) 42. From what Latin verb and meaning is our word "tolerate" derived? TOLLO, -ERE, SUSTULI, SUBLATUM meaning TO LIFT (TAKE UP, RAISE) B1. From what Latin word and meaning is "digital" derived? DIGITUS,-I meanging FINGER B2. From what Latin verb and meaning is "despise" derived? DESPICIO,-ERE,-EXI,-ECTUM (OR DESPICOR,-ARI,-ATUM SUM) meaning to LOOK DOWN UPON 43. Time for another installment of "As the Rota Turns." The aristocrat Julia moons over the handsome auriga Gaius Mammius. Why is this love affair forbidden? CHARIOTEERS (aurigae) ARE TOO LOW CLASS B1. To get close to him, Julia disguises herself as a man, buys a "biga" and enters the next race. What exactly is a "biga"? TWO-HORSE CHARIOT B2. As soon as the race starts, Julia looses control of her "biga" and runs right into Mammius, killing him. What signal started the race? the magistrate DROPPED A NAPKIN (mappa) 44. What king of Troy accepted Heracles' offer to kill a sea monster, but then reneged on given Heracles the reward they had agreed upon earlier? LAOMEDON B1. As a result Heracles later came with an army and sacked Troy. What princess did he them take by force and give to Telemon as a bride? HESIONE B2. Heracles also slew Laomedon and all his sons save one, Podarces. By what name do we better know Podarces? PRIAM 45. Except is St. Thomas Aquinas is writing, what happens to aliquis when it appeaers after si? ALI DROPS away B1. After what other three words does aliquis lose ali-? NISI, NUM, NE B2. Say in Latin "I will lead unless someone wants to." NISI QUIS VULT, DUCEBO (AGEBO) 46. Lest the Certamen end too soon (last question in Round III), please call to mind what great delaying Roman general whose policy of calculated inaction wore Hannibal down after his early victories, thus allowing the eventual Roman recovery and victory? Q. FABIUS Maximus B1. What nickname meaning "delayer" did Romans bestow upon Fabius, first out of derision, but later with respect? CUNCTATOR B2. Fabius proved the wisdom of his policy when he rescued what hot-headed magister equitum from a trap Hannibal had sprung? M. MINUCIUS Rufus 47. This begins the fourth round. Give a Latin verb which means "to start" or "to begin." INCIPIO,-ERE,INCEPI,-CEPTUM; INITIO,-ARE,-AVI,-ATUM; PROFICISCOR,-I,-PROFECTUS SUM B1. Give a neuter noun which means "beginning." INCEPTUM (INITIUM, EXORDIUM, PRNCIPIUM, RUDIMENTUM, etc.) B2. What word in English derived from initium or the verb "to go in" means the rite one follows when first entering a group such as a secret society? INITIATION 48. Winning the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC against Rome's top military mind established what man as Rome's greatest general of all time? C. JULIUS CAESAR B1. Whom did Caesar best at Pharsalus? Cn. POMPEIUS (POMPEY) Magnus B2. Pompey then fled to what country where he was treacherously slain before Caesar could catch up with him? EGYPT 49. What English word for a specific contest by ordeal comes from the Latin number two, because of the number of participants? DUEL B1. What English word for wages is derived from a Latin word because the Latin noun was paid as wages? SALARY B2. What type of lawyer derived its name from the Latin verb meaning "to follow" or "to pursue," as in court? PROSECUTOR 50. What type of fruit grew on the tree given by Gaea to Hera as a wedding present? GOLDEN APPLES (prompt on apples) B1. Where did Hera put this tree? GARDEN OF THE HESPERIDES B2. The daughter of which Titan tended this garden? ATLAS 51. The months of the year are nouns in English. What part of speech are they in Latin? ADJECTIVES B1. What part of speech are numbers? ADJECTIVES B2. What part of speech are "tomorrow" and "yesterday"? ADVERBS 52. One of Rome's earliest playwrights might have been a freed slave whose nomen means clown. Who was the actor-author, most famous for his Pseudolus? T. Maccius PLAUTUS B1. Another of Plautus' most famous plays is Miles Gloriosus. What is the common title in English? THE BRAGGART SOLDIER (accept good alternatives) B2. In both Miles Gloriosus and Pseudolus, what stock character type outwits the unlikeable Miles and Ballio? a CLEVER SLAVE 53. To avenge the assassination of his adopted father, Octavian vowed a temple in 42 BC to what god, but only built it many years later? MARS Ultor B1. Augustus was more prompt in building a temple at Actium to what god he venerated, whom he believed had helped him win? APOLLO B2. When lightning struck his father and killed the torchbearer, Augustus built another temple to what god associated with lightning? JUPITER the Thunderer 54. What type of Latin clause is introduced by ut in the negative and non or ne in the positive? FEARING B1. What mood do clauses of fearing take in the future tense? SUBJUNCTIVE B2. Using venio, express the secondary verb in the sentence "We fear the Gauls will be coming." VENIANT 55. Some accounts say he added to the rout of Cronus and the Titans with his cry, but most say he was Hermes' son. Who lived in the woods, played his pipe, and chased the occasional nymph or dryad? PAN B1. Some authors make the outrageous claim that Pan was Hermes' son by what chaste queen of Ithaca who was Telemachus' mother? PENELOPE B2. Odysseus was already Hermes' great-grandson through his maternal grand- father Autolycus. Others also make Odysseus a grandson of Hermes through what trickster king of Corinth who seduced Odysseus' mother? SISYPHUS 56. The whole fifth declension only has about 3 important words. Which 5th declension word is used in countless idioms such as "grain," "deeds," and "republic"? RES,-EI B1. How do you say "deeds" using res? RES GESTAE B2. What other common 5th declension word means "day"? DIES,-EI 57. The lost historian Crematius Cordus was pro-Brutus and Cassius in the age of Tiberius. What sad fate did his works suffer? BURNED (CENSORSHIP) B1. What happened to Crematius himself? COMMITTED SUICIDE B2. This is a strong contrast to what celebrated older pro-Pompey contemporary whose works partially survive in 35 of 143 books? Titus LIVIUS or LIVY 58. What wild women tore apart a great musician because he would not play their kind of music while he was grieving his dead wife? MAENADS or BACCHAE B1. Maenads often followed Dionysius. What other women are better known as his followers? BACCHAE (BACCHANTES, BAKCHOI/AI) B2. Who was the musician and who was his wife? ORPHEUS and EURYDICE 59. On August 24th AD 79 the serenity of Southern Italy was disrupted by what natural disaster that buried four cities? Mt. VESUVIUS ERUPTED B1. Name one of the cities buried in that eruption? POMPEII, HERCULANEUM, STABIAE, OPLONTIS B2. Pompeii contains much writing on walls about gosip, politics, etc. valuable to social history. What is the term for this petty vandalism which nevertheless tells us much about ancient Roman life? GRAFITTI 60. Cinema Romana! What movie, had it been released in Rome, might have been titled Decem Res de te Odi? TEN THINGS I HATE ABOUT YOU B1. Had this occurred, no doubt some Roman critics would say it was a rip- off of one of Willhelmus Telumquasitans' original Dominus Mulieris Importunae. What is the English title for that play? TAMING OF THE SHREW B2. What movie, had it been released in Rome, might have been titled Finis Dierum? END OF DAYS 61. To end our day of struggle in certamen (last question in Round IV), tell what decisive Roman victory ended the 16 year struggle against Carthage when the Romans beat Hannibal with his own tactics, thus concluding the Second Punic War? ZAMA B1. What great Roman general won Zama? P. Cornelius SCIPIO AFRICANUS B2. As the final question, give the name the Roman general who gave Carthage its last twilight and sacked the city, though he did not sow salt over the land? P. Cornelius SCIPIO Africanus AEMILIANUS 62. Congratulations on making it to the finals. What one word in Latin did Romans use to say "Congratulations," especially at weddings? FELICITER B1. Using an accusative, exclaim "good luck!" BONAM FORTUNAM B2. What third declension adjective, adopted as a agnomen by Sulla, means "lucky"? FELIX 63. In 1 BC Augustus saw to it that the elder of his two adopted sons would be consul. Who was this shortlived prince? C. Julius CAESAR B1. Augustus also completed and dedicated close to the temple of Mars Ultior what business place, named in his honor? FORUM OF AUGUSTUS (not Roman Forum) B2. The same year he flooded an amphitheater and help what type of mock naval battle between two ships? NAUMACHIA 64. Define the English word "capitulation." SURRENDER B1. From what two Latin words does "capitulation" derive? CAPUT,-ITIS meaning HEAD FERO, FERRE, TULI, LATUM meaning "TO BEAR" (BRING, etc.) B2. What verb did Romans use for "to surrender"? DEDO,-ERE,-DIDI 65. What goddess in Vergil once offered Aeolus a beautiful nymph, although he was already mrried, if he would raise a storm against Aeneas? JUNO B1. Where do we read of this event? AENEID (Book I) B2. Who calmed the storm after chastizing the winds? NEPTUNE 66. What case ending in the ablative singular is sometimes replaced by a long I in certain nouns? -E B1. What type of nouns see this replacement? I-STEM NOUNS (accept REGULAR ONES IN POETRY) B2. In what form of literature may long I replace -E even with non I-stem nouns? POETRY 67. In Italy this man went by the name Virbius after he had been brought back to life. By what name was this Athenian prince, the son of Theseus and an Amazon queen, originally known? HIPPOLYTUS B1. Hippolytus was the victim of Aphrodite's revenge for rejecting the love of women. What chaste goddess did Hippolytus prefer? ARTEMIS B2. Artemis took pity on her follower and asked what son of Apollo to restore him to life, after which she secretly relocated him in Italy? ASCLEPIUS see n7. 68. What military practice did Romans commit on a defeated army, whereby 10% were ritually executed to remove guilt? DECIMATION B1. What was the military tactic Romans called testudo? making a turtle-like WALL OF SHIELDS to storm a city B2. The Roman consul P. Decius Mus selflessly committed devotio against the Latins. What is devotio? LOSING ONES OWN LIFE TO ENSURE VICTORY 69. What bad emperor has probably had slanderous charges added to his already poor reputation, such as the charge of incest with his three sisters? GAIUS Julius Caesar (CALIGULA) B1. His negatives are bad enough we need not dip into the slander. What great-grandmother of his did Caligula refer to as "Ulysses is petticoats"? LIVIA Augusta B2. What great but low-born Roman general and statesman was Caligula ashamed to have as grandfather? M. Vipsanius AGRIPPA 70. Just as in English, what tense is Latin can have present force in the sense that action begun in the past continues up to the present? PERFECT B1. If Latin's perfect tense is past simple, how do you translate "venit"? HE/SHE/IT CAME (or DID COME) B2. If the perfect tense has present force, how do you translate "venit"? HE/SHE/IT HAS COME (or HAS BEEN COMING) 71. Like the Second Punic War, all good things and this certamen will come to an end. Let us remember some significant Roman casualties in that war. Who was the first consul, in 217 BC, to be killed fighting Hannibal at Lake Trasimene? Gaius FLAMINIUS B1. The enxt year another consul fell at Cannae. Who was this man? L. Aemilius PAULUS B2. In 208 Hannibal ambushed and mortally wounded both consuls on the same day, briefly reviving hopes for victory. Name either one of them. M. Claudius MARCELLUS, T. Quinctus CRISPINUS 72. What is the alternate form for the Latin verb "laudaverunt", sometimes used in poetry? LAUDERE B1. What is the alternate form for the Latin verb "laudaris"? LAUDARE B2. What two forms could laudare be? 2ND PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT PASSIVE INDICATIVE, PRESENT INFINITIVE 73. If a Roman had an agnomen ending in -ianus, what is the most likely reason for this affectation? HE WAS ADOPTED B1. Which Roman emperor was the first to be adopted by his predecessor? TIBERIUS B2. Aside from adoption, for what reason might a Roman general receive an agnomen? FOR CONQUERING A PLACE OR PEOPLE see n8. 74. What is the present active infinitive of loquor? LOQUI B1. What case in Latin is used to express extent of space or time? ACCUSATIVE B2. From what Latin noun and meaning is our verb "pulverize" derived? PULVIS,-ERIS meaning DUST 75. Finally, to finish things off, Podarces was the original name of what man who lived through one sack of Troy and died during the second at the hands of Pyrrhus? PRIAM B1. Who had sacked Troy the first time when Podarces was young? HERACLES B2. Heracles sacked Troy because what lying king and father of Priam denied Heracles the princess Hesione, whom Heracles had saved? LAOMEDON ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- n1. The other consul in 101 BC was Manius Aquilius. n2. For more details, see Aulus Gellius 1.12.1-7 and the OCD (p. 1591). n3. The first answer is the most appropriate, given the toss-up question. However all answers are correct (and likely). n4. More complete definitions from www.dictionary.com: a statement, esp. in diplomatic negotiations, that expresses or implies a threat of serious penalties if the terms are not accepted; a final proposition, concession, or condition; esp., the final propositions, conditions, or terms, offered by either of the parties in a diplomatic negotiation; the most favorable terms a negotiator can offer, the rejection of which usually puts an end to the hesitation; a final peremptory demand. n5. Though not a crown in the modern sense of the word, the word corona could be used in referring to a wreath of laurel. n6. The question specifies god, therefore the answer must be Genius. Remember that each woman had her own Juno to watch over her. n7. Acceptable alternative spellings are Aesclepius, Aesclepios, Asklepios, and Askleipius. Remember that the answer must be in Greek since the Greek goddess Artemis was mentioned in the question. n8. There are other reasons a general might have an agnomen, including simply inheriting it from his father, e.g., P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus (the Africanus was inherited). Bradford Duncan